Cutting efficiency evaluation of Quantec Series 2000 orifice openers with computed tomography (CT).

INTRODUCTION: Orifice openers or orifice shapers are used to shape the coronal part of the root canals during endodontic treatment. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to analyse the cutting efficiency of Quantec Series 2000 system orifice shapers by means of computerised tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mandibular molars were selected, preoperative CT was performed and the cross-sections and surface area of the root canals were measured. Following access opening and preparation of the coronal part of the canals with Quantec Series 2000 orifice shapers, a further CT was obtained of all the teeth, the previous measurements were repeated and the two sets of measurements were compared. RESULTS: Although the canals suffered modifications due to the action of the instruments, they remained centred and retained their original morphology; the changes were greater in the most coronal part of the canals. CONCLUSIONS: the orifice shapers of the system under study kept the canals centred on their original position, so they do not present great aggressiveness during endodontic treatment; the canals that were initially the widest were those that showed the greatest modification; the CT system employed in the study showed itself to be an effective, non-invasive system for studying the changes that had taken place inside the root canals.

Cutting efficiency evaluation of Quantec Series 2000 orifice openers with computed tomography (CT)

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Introduction: Orifice openers or orifice shapers are used to shape the coronal part of the root canals during endodontic treatment. Objectives: The aim of this work was to analyse the cutting efficiency of Quantec Series 2000 system orificeshapers by means of computerised tomography (CT). Materials and methods: Mandibular molars were selected,preoperative CT was performed and the cross-sections and surface area of the root canals were measured. Followingaccess opening and preparation of the coronal part of the canals with Quantec Series 2000 orifice shapers, a further CT was obtained of all the teeth, the previous measurements were repeated and the two sets of measurements were compared. Results: Although the canals suffered modifications due to the action of the instruments, they remainedcentred and retained their original morphology; the changes were greater in the most coronal part of the canals.Conclusions: the orifice shapers of the system under study kept the canals centred on their original position, so they do not present great aggressiveness during endodontic treatment; the canals that were initially the widest were those that showed the greatest modification; the CT system employed in the study showed itself to be an effective, noninvasive system for studying the changes that had taken place inside the root canals (AU)

Third canal in the mesial root of permanent mandibular first molars: review of the literature and presentation of 3 clinical reports and 2 in vitro studiesp

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Introduction. Systematic anatomical studies corroborate the anatomical complexity of the root canal system. Deviations from the norm such as multiple orifices, apical deltas, accessory canals and other variations are frequent.Objectives. To present clinical reports of mandibular molars with three canals in the mesial root and two in vitro studies of the morphology of these canals, together with a review of the literature.Materials and Methods. Three clinical reports are presented of mandibular molars where three canals in the mesial roots were treated endodontically. Two in vitro studies were performed, one using computerized tomography and the other with scanning electron microscopy, to describe the morphology of the mesial root canals of permanent first molars. Thescientific literature on this anatomical situation was also reviewed.Results. The tomographic study found that the prevalence of a third mesial canal in the 27 teeth analysed was 14.81%; the microscopic study of 25 teeth found it to be 12%. The review of the literature encountered that the authors who report cases such as these found prevalences ranging from 1% to 15%.Conclusions. From the teeth analysed in vitro, it is concluded that a third mesial canal may be present in a mandibular first molar in approximately 13% of cases. Clinically, the third canal is difficult to find and exhibits a very variable morphology, which may present anastomosis with the other canals

Resinas compuestas. Revisión de los materiales e indicaciones clínicas / Composite resins. A review of the materials and clinical indications

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los diferentes componentes de los composites actualmente utilizados en Odontología y aportar al profesional las bases que puedan proporcionarle los criterios a tener en cuenta para seleccionar uno u otro en función de los requerimientos terapéuticos. La mayoría de los composites de uso en Odontología corresponden a materiales híbridos, se denominan así por estar conformados por grupos poliméricos reforzados por una fase inorgánica de vidrio de diferente composición, tamaño y porcentaje de relleno. Los composites fluidos o los condensables han tratado de dar respuesta algunos requerimientos funcionales, aunque sin demasiado éxito en la mejora de sus propiedades. Respecto a las fuentes de polimerización, tanto las lámparas halógenas, convencionales o de alta densidad de potencia, como las LEDs, que ofrecen un incremento gradual de la intensidad lumínica, son muy útiles para disminuir la contracción volumétrica del material. A la hora de la selección clínica de un material compuesto se valorará si priman los requerimientos mecánicos o los estéticos; en el primer caso seleccionaremos el material que tenga mayor volumen de relleno, mientras que en el segundo será el mínimo tamaño de partícula el factor más importante. La existencia de elementos adicionales como los opacificadores y tintes, permite mejorar los resultados estéticos con estos materiales. Así mismo la generalización de otros procedimientos terapéuticos, como son los blanqueamientos dentales, ha comportado la necesidad de diseñar materiales compuestos con tonos que se adecuen a las situaciones de color especiales que presentan los dientes tratados con estos procedimientos

The aim of this work is to present the different components of the composites currently used in dentistry and furnish dentists with a basis that can provide criteria for choosing one or another to suit their therapeutic requirements. Most composites used in dentistry are hybrid materials, so-called because they are composed of polymer groups reinforced by an inorganic phase of glass fillers with different compositions, particle sizes and fill percentages. Flowable or condensable composites have attempted to provide an answer to certain functional requirements, although they have not been too successful at improving properties. Turning to polymerisation initiators, both halogen lamps, whether conventional or high intensity, and LED curing lights which provide a gradual increase in light intensity are very useful for reducing shrinkage of the composite material. The clinical choice of a composite must consider whether priority should be given to mechanical or aesthetic requirements: if mechanical considerations are paramount the material with the greatest volume of filler will be chosen; if aesthetic considerations predominate, particle size will be the most important factor. Additional components such as opaques and tints make it possible to improve the aesthetic results. Equally, the spread of other therapeutic procedures, such as tooth bleaching, has made it necessary to design composite materials in shades that are suitable for the special colour situations found in teeth treated by these methods

Composite resins. A review of the materials and clinical indications.

The aim of this work is to present the different components of the composites currently used in dentistry and furnish dentists with a basis that can provide criteria for choosing one or another to suit their therapeutic requirements. Most composites used in dentistry are hybrid materials, so-called because they are composed of polymer groups reinforced by an inorganic phase of glass fillers with different compositions, particle sizes and fill percentages. Flowable or condensable composites have attempted to provide an answer to certain functional requirements, although they have not been too successful at improving properties. Turning to polymerisation initiators, both halogen lamps, whether conventional or high intensity, and LED curing lights which provide a gradual increase in light intensity are very useful for reducing shrinkage of the composite material. The clinical choice of a composite must consider whether priority should be given to mechanical or aesthetic requirements: if mechanical considerations are paramount the material with the greatest volume of filler will be chosen; if aesthetic considerations predominate, particle size will be the most important factor. Additional components such as opaques and tints make it possible to improve the aesthetic results. Equally, the spread of other therapeutic procedures, such as tooth bleaching, has made it necessary to design composite materials in shades that are suitable for the special colour situations found in teeth treated by these methods.

Manifestaciones Dentales en enfermedades sistémicas / Dental manifestations of systemic disease

Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de aquellas enfermedades sistemicas que pueden cursar con patologfa dentaria; dichas enfermedades han sido agrupadas de la siguiente manera: alteraciones congenitas del desarrollo dental, anomalfas cromosómicas, radiaciones, alteraciones inmunitarias, intoxicaciones, alteraciones neurológicas, enfermedades gastrointestinales, osteodistrofias y patología asociada, enfermedades cutáneas, enfermedades metabólicas y endocrinas, síndromes malformativos craneofaciales y otras malformaciones generales congenitas. En los diferentes apartados se describe la patología dental vinculada a los diferentes procesos patológicos (AU)